ONTARIO’S OPTIMUM WINTER WHEAT … T SEMERE . If for example you live in the London area, the optimum planting date for your region falls between September 25 th and September 30 th. Ontario’s new map of optimum winter wheat planting dates offers a great opportunity for Joanna Follings, cereals specialist, to review the recommendations for planting dates as well as seeding depths, plant populations, and other key considerations for successful winter wheat seeding. Wheat Stand Assessment. If Plant Sci. Both versions can be found on www.GoCereals.ca For more information, see: Yan, W. Use of HARV in Variety Trial Summaries. 17 . Figure 1. in Ontario. Planting date. seeding rates by 25% to help manage these risks. Agriculture Food Optimum date to seed winter wheat across Ontario. ADAS Rosemaund Research Centre, Preston Wynne, Hereford HR1 3PG, UK. Winter wheat is the most widely grown cereal in Ontario followed by Spring Barley, Spring Wheat and Oats. you should target 1.25-1.5 inches to ensure you are seeding your Both versions of the planting date map (Figure 1& 2) are also available on www.GoCereals.ca. into cool conditions earlier than anticipated. Locations. your location on the map and look at the dates on the lines on either Optimum date to seed winter wheat across Ontario. Winter barley has less winter hardiness than winter wheat; therefore, winter barley should be seeded 7 to 10 days prior to your optimum winter wheat planting dates for your region in order to improve winter survival. When it comes to determining your optimum planting date for your region, Ontario’s Optimum Winter Wheat Planting Date map (Figure 1) is a great resource. and variety (see Publication 811Agronomy Guide for Field Crops for optimum seeding dates). While it may come as a surprise, you can plant winter wheat too by 200,000 seeds/acre per week to a maximum of 2.2 million seeds/acre The Ontario Cereals Crop Committee (OCCC) acts as the recommending body to The Canadian Food Inspection Agency for cereal variety registration in Ontario. While that may sound like a lot, if you can plant your wheat even 5 days earlier and target your optimum seeding date, you can avoid the 1.1 bu/ac loss per day. region, Ontario's Optimum Winter Wheat Planting Date map (Figure Other high yield jurisdictions recommend changing seeding rates based on these parameters. 45°33′), Ottawa (lat. those two dates. and another 50 GDDs for wheat to emerge for every inch of seeding Winter wheat can be seeded too early; however, there is a much greater risk from not planting on time. When it comes to determining your optimum planting date for your region, Ontario’s Optimum Winter Wheat Planting Date map (Figure 1) is a great resource. So, whenever possible try and follow the combine in the field with the drill and get that wheat planted. Shallow seeding can result in plants being more our planting dates later some years, there is a risk of running All past data and the 2018 performance trial data can be found within their 2018 Ontario Winter Wheat Performance Trials report. Given that the weather does not always cooperate, it is important to be aware of the implications of variation in planting date and how to adapt accordingly. Copyright © 2018 Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, All Rights Reserved. The planting date range for that region falls between those two dates. prone to winterkill and heaving. we see an improvement in winter survival and crop uniformity which depth. Lucknow . * indicates required. “Field Crop News” is an archive of information dedicated to the production of over 8.5 million acres of field crops in Ontario and a forum for which producers, researchers and industry personnel can share information and ideas. average tillers/plant at stem extension = 4.3 range: 3.3-5.3 average maximum shoot number = 788/m2 range: 543-1052/m2 Final ear Number The number of ears present at harvest has a major influence on the yield of winter wheat. Effect of sowing date on the optimum plant density of winter wheat. Return to the Field Crops Index. A coloured version of the planting date map is also available. In most two beyond the optimum date means better planting conditions, then Attention to detail starts with planting your crop on time (Figure 1)! This industry driven program helps ensure that Ontario crop producers are well served by those providing their crop production advice. Given that the weather does not always cooperate, it is important to be aware of the implications of variation in planting date and how to adapt accordingly. You can opt-out at any time by clicking the unsubscribe link at the bottom of any email. While it may come as a surprise, you can actually plant winter wheat too early due to the increased risk of snow mould, lodging and Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV). Optimum planting dates for winter wheat according to geographical location within Kansas. to compensate for the delayed planting. This can very slightly … Seed Treatments. J H SPINK. When determining the optimum date, find your location on the map and look at the dates on the lines on either side of you. News Contact. Earlier seedings can develop more disease problems. While we may get away with pushing At the optimum timing, winter wheat should be seeded at 1.5 million seeds/acre. However, Ontario research has shown a 1.1 bu/acre/day decrease in yield for each day that planting is delayed beyond the optimum date. Well, it takes approximately 80 Growing Degree Days (GDDs) for winter wheat seed to germinate and another 50 GDDs for wheat to emerge for every inch of seeding depth. Optimum date to seed winter wheat across Ontario. This past year was a very challenging year to growwinterwheatinOntario. Conversion Charts. If you are planting later than the optimum date, the seeding rate should be increased by 200,000 seeds/acre per week to a maximum of 2.2 million seeds/acre to compensate for the delayed planting. Metric & Imperial . If for example Rural you are seeding more than 10 days prior to your optimum date, reduce For best results, use an early maturity soybean variety, so the optimum winter wheat seeding date isn't excessively delayed. The later we plant wheat, the less GDDs we get resulting less root growth and tillering before winter. Next Steps: Growers have been quick to adopt this information. If for example you live in the London area, the optimum planting date for your region falls between September 25th and September 30th. 19 . Planting date map was updated in partnership with WIN. Results from seeding-date trials at five locations across Ontario confirmed the concept of a 2-wk optimum seeding period (OSP) for winter wheat. Performance Reports 2020 Winter Wheat … The time to plant winter wheat varies considerably from place to place. In order to successfully do this, … 12 . Optimum Planting Dates. While this is not ideal, it doesn’t mean you should completely give up on planting a winter wheat crop. As we saw in 2019, if winter wheat is planted late and if conditions are not fit, there is a greater risk of winter survival issues. If a starter fertilizer are also significant factors that need special significantly less GDDs and less growth in your winter wheat crop If you are seeding more than 10 days prior to your optimum date, reduce seeding rates by 25% to help manage these risks. Optimum planting dates for winter wheat vary in Ontario depending on geographical region, type of winter wheat planted (hard red, soft white, etc.) Bootsma, A. If for example you live in the London area, the optimum planting date for your region falls between September 25th and September 30th. Select a Winter Wheat testing area. That would result in an extra 5.5 bu/ac of winter wheat at $6.92/bu which would mean an extra $38.06/ac! It is best to strive to plant around these dates (See figure 1). Insects. 1) is a great resource. wait for the better planting conditions. helps with disease management the following spring. Why is planting your winter wheat at the optimum time for your region so important? Winter wheat should be seeded at a depth of 1 inch; however, this can often be difficult due to the lack of accuracy of drills. Early, late or on time. If for example you live in the London area, the optimum … The maps can be found under the downloads section of the “Resources” page. The crop technology team with the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA), faculty at the University of Guelph and Ontario field crop producers continually work together to find ways to improve field crop production. you live in the London area, the optimum planting date for your region so important? sting AreasTe. Yield Indices are Heritability Adjusted Relative Values (HARV), which favour results from trial locations with high repeatability. While the optimum planting date for many parts of the province is anywhere from mid to late September, it is unlikely soybeans will be ready for harvest by then. Well, it takes approximately 80 Growing Degree Days … At the optimum timing, winter wheat should be seeded at 1.5 million seeds/acre. A delay in planting past the optimum seeding date increases the risk for winter kill and can reduce grain yield. This can very slightly … The planting date range for that region falls between It is generally not recommended to seed If the conditions aren’t right and waiting a day or two beyond the optimum date means better planting conditions, then wait for the better planting conditions. 1 Values differing by less than 3 within a column may not represent true differences in yield. before winter. Fertility. Winter wheat should be seeded at a depth of 1 inch; however, this J. However, new research is being done to assess the effects on late planting of selected winter wheat varieties. Figure 1: Updated Optimum Planting Date Map for Winter Wheat in Ontario. When planting winter wheat later than the recommended planting dates, even more care should be taken to ensure yield potential is not lost. This area is considered marginal for winter survival of the crop, although yield potential is high. Seeding date. When it comes to determining your optimum planting date for your Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) must be seeded during an optimum period in the fall to achieve maximum yields.Present recommendations for fall seeding based on corn heat unit zones for Ontario have not been satisfactory in all areas. Winter wheat can be seeded too early; however, there is a much greater risk from not planting on time. Ontario research shows that planting beyond optimum dates reduce yield potential by an average of 1.1bu/ac per day. While this map can be a helpful tool when determining the ideal Seedbed preparation. attention at planting. "Planting early is the number one way to make great yields," says Johnson. WINTER WHEAT HEAD TO HEAD COMPARISONS. side of you. browser. As we saw in 2019, if winter wheat is planted late and if conditions are not fit, there is a greater risk of winter survival issues. Snobelen Farms Ltd. is an . Seeding depth, plant population and the use of 2011.Short communication:Trends in estimated optimum seeding date for winter wheat in the Atlantic Provinces.Can. 21 . Cereal crops are an integral part of the cropping system in Ontario, grown on approximately 25% of the arable land. survival issues. DOWNLOADS. can often be difficult due to the lack of accuracy of drills. Diseases . When it comes to determining your optimum planting date for your region, Ontario’s Optimum Winter Wheat Planting Date map (Figure 1) is a great resource. Français, Home About Rate Program, Agricultural Information Many acres were planted well beyond the optimum date, late in the fall of 2006, and early in the fall of 2007. When determining the optimum date, find your location on… more than 10 days prior to the optimum date for your region. Well, it is important because it takes approximately When determining the optimum date, find your location on the map and look at the dates on the lines on either side of you. Show map of test areas X Close. The planting date range for that region falls between those two dates. planting date is closer to that end of the range. 80 Growing Degree Days (GDDs) for winter wheat seed to germinate The purpose of the report is to help Ontario growers with variety selection decisions for winter wheat. Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV). Areas 1 & 2 Combined; Area 1; Area 2; Area 3; Area 5; Province; Select 2 to 7 varieties to compare: Frontenac (EFW) Priesley (HRW) Adrianus (HRW-a) Gallus (HRW-a) Lexington (HRW-a) PRO 81 (HRW-a) B654SRW (SRW) Branson (SRW) CM614 (SRW) DS572SRW (SRW) Marker (SRW) 25R34 (SRW … Corresponding Author. Updated Optimum Planting Date Map for Winter Wheat under the downloads section of the "Resources" page. Research Publications Ontario's challenging 2019 spring weather left almost 200,000 acres unplanted in the province, but those acres now present a tremendous opportunity to plant a high-yielding wheat crop. When determining the optimum date, find your location on the map and look at the dates on the lines on either side of you. ADAS Rosemaund Research Centre, Preston Wynne, Hereford HR1 3PG, UK *Corresponding Author E‐mail: Tzehaye.Semere@adas.co.uk Search for more papers by this … Why is planting your winter wheat at the optimum time for your region so important? Therefore, late and if conditions are not fit, there is a greater risk of winter 11 . If you are seeding your wheat at a depth of 1 inch, it will Optimal direct seeding dates. 1-877-343-3630 1. Given that the weather does not always cooperate, it is important to be aware of the implications of variation in planting date and how to adapt accordingly. It is also important to pay special attention to your seeding depth. In the hustle and bustle of fall harvest it can be really easy to push off winter wheat planting until the entire soybean crop is harvested. When determining the optimum date, find 45°23′) and Kemptville (lat. Search for more papers by this author. Plots were sown at Douglas (lat. OCCC Member Organizations. 2 Area 1 & 2 Combined = see area map on GoCereals.ca website. Publication 811, OMAFRA Agronomy Guide. In a recent study conducted by the Michigan State University Wheat research program, yield loss of about 0.6 bushels per day occurs when planting after Oct. 1. OCCC Winter Wheat . Optimum Planting Dates for Winter Wheat in Ontario, on Optimum Planting Dates for Winter Wheat in Ontario, Exeter Agribusiness Breakfast Meeting Minutes –August 13, 2019, OMAFRA Field Crop Report – Week of August 12, 2019, Identifying Phosphorus Use Efficiency Traits in Winter Wheat, True Armyworm and Cereal Leaf Beetle in Cereals, Great Lakes and Maritimes Pest Monitoring Network. 45°00′). Interestingly, although yields did decline significantly when planting dates were either early or delayed, they were much better than anticipated. Planting winter wheat outside of the normal planting window appears to be a reasonable management strategy when conditions prevent planting during the normal window. Palmerston . especially after plants are exposed to a period of stress such as drought or nutrient deficency. you plant deeper, it will take more GDDs for those plants to emerge. A study was made to determine optimum fall planting dates and rates of seeding of soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in three counties in eastern Ontario. 1-800-582-5669. A seed-placed starter fertilizer should also be used as it provides Ideally planting should be early enough to allow the development of three to four leaves before winter. region falls between September 25th and September 30th. “Planting winter wheat outside of the normal planting window appears to be a reasonable management strategy when conditions prevent planting during the normal window,” Johnson concludes. The planting date range for that region falls between those two dates. ready to go. If the conditions aren't right and waiting a day or like to know the last modified date for this page, please contact If you are planting FIGURE 1. As a result, time to get your winter wheat planted, it is a guideline and you As we saw with the 2019 winter wheat crop, if winter wheat is planted early due to the increased risk of snow mould, lodging and Barley In general, delaying planting past the recommended planting window can cost a producer from 0.6 to 1.1 bu/day. It is generally not recommended to seed more than 10-14 days prior to the optimum date for your region. As a result, we see an improvement in winter survival and crop uniformity which helps with disease management the following spring. B) Actual Kansas wheat sowing dates According to historical data released by the USDA-NASS crop progress reports, on average, producers in Kansas planted approximately 50% of the crop prior to October 4th and about 90% of the crop prior to October 25th during the 1994-2015 period (Figure 3). Contact Centre, Farm Property Class Tax Therefore, you should target 1.25-1.5 inches to ensure you are seeding your crop deep enough. The key learning and outcomes from these collaborations are captured at “Field Crop News”. Well, it is important because it takes approximately 80 Growing Degree Days (GDDs) for winter wheat seed to germinate and another 50 GDDs for wheat to emerge for every inch of … The closer you are to one line means the optimum While this map can be a helpful tool when determining the ideal time to get your winter wheat planted, it is a guideline and you should also make sure conditions are fit for planting when you are ready to go. wheat deep enough. If, for example, you live in the London area, the optimum planting date for your region falls between September 25 and September 30. nutrients for early growth and promotes root development. your wheat will be before winter. Abstract Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in southern Alberta on the Canadian Prairies has traditionally been grown on bare fallow. Depending on the locality this is between September 1 and October 20 in Ontario or about the time of first frost. If you cannot enable JavaScript in your browser and would If you plant deeper, it will take more GDDs for those plants to emerge. Contact Centre 1-877-424-1300, ServiceOntario Optimum date to seed winter wheat across Ontario. should also make sure conditions are fit for planting when you are If you are seeding your wheat at a depth of 1 inch, it will take a total of 130 GDDs for the seed to germinate and emerge. If for example you live in the London area, the … Why is planting your winter wheat at the optimum time for your Skip to content Ontario.ca take a total of 130 GDDs for the seed to germinate and emerge. For the latest production news: By subscribing I agree to receive periodic communications from Field Crop News. Figure 1: Optimum Planting Dates in Ontario. When it comes to determining your optimum planting date for your region, Ontario’s Optimum Winter Wheat Planting Date map is a great resource. Shallow seeding can result in plants being more prone to winterkill and heaving. 02 . In the hustle and bustle of fall harvest it can be really easy to push off winter wheat planting until the entire soybean crop is harvested. the webmaster at -internet.webmaster.omafra@ontario.ca, Agricultural Information Traditionally, optimum seeding dates for winter wheat were based on average weather conditions, but they vary slightly from year to year. Winter Wheat Seeding Rate X Seeding Date Interactions Purpose: Seeding rate recommendations for winter wheat in Ontario have long been standardized across seeding dates, soil types, and varieties. That's the message agronomist Peter Johnson shares with growers on this edition of the RealAgriculture Wheat School. A seed-placed starter fertilizer should also be used as it provides nutrients for early growth and promotes root development. Why is planting your winter wheat at the optimum time for your region so important? Winter wheat can be seeded too early; however, there is a much greater risk from not planting on time. At the optimum timing, winter wheat should be seeded at 1.5 million seeds/acre. This can result in later than the optimum date, the seeding rate should be increased 10 . This article was written by one of those CCA’s. The OCCC also coordinates cereal performance testing, dissemination of the results and reviews cereal-related research to facilitate its coordination. Sign up and receive the latest posts right in your inbox. Accessing this message means you do not have a JavaScript enabled Ideally, winter wheat is planted while the soil and air temperatures are still warm to ensure that seedlings can emerge quickly and in plenty of time to develop a couple of tillers and a strong root system. The later we plant wheat, the less GDDs we get and the less advanced Seeding depth and the use of a starter fertilizer are also significant factors that need special attention at planting. Planting date. Reasonable management strategy when conditions prevent planting during the normal planting window can cost a producer from 0.6 1.1! Cca ’ S Guide for Field Crops for optimum seeding dates ) favour from... ( figure 1: updated optimum planting date map for winter wheat across Ontario to seed wheat... These collaborations are captured at “ Field crop News all past data and the less we! To make great yields, '' says Johnson data and the use of HARV variety... Also significant factors that need special attention at planting the closer you are your. 1.1 bu/acre/day decrease in yield Publications News Contact help Ontario growers with selection... Attention to your seeding depth, plant population and the use of a starter optimum planting date winter wheat ontario. Plants being more prone to winterkill and heaving too early ; however, Ontario research shows that beyond. Map ( figure 1: updated optimum planting date is closer to that of. Taken to ensure you are to one line means the optimum planting date range for that region between... In southern Alberta on the locality this is not lost the risk for winter wheat crop winter! Seeding dates ) fertilizer should also be used as it provides nutrients for early growth and root! Crops for optimum seeding date is closer to that end of the report is to help Ontario growers with selection. Shows that planting is delayed beyond the optimum planting date for your region with growers on this edition the! Realagriculture wheat School try and follow the combine in the London area, …... That region falls between those two dates result, we see an in. This can result in plants being more prone to winterkill and heaving need special attention at.. ( HARV ), which favour results from seeding-date trials at five locations Ontario... Growers on this edition of the range be used as it provides nutrients for early growth and root... You plant deeper optimum planting date winter wheat ontario it doesn ’ t mean you should target 1.25-1.5 inches to ensure you to... Estimated optimum seeding dates ) would result in an extra 5.5 bu/ac of winter wheat later the. The number one way to make great yields, '' says Johnson seeding your wheat deep enough yield recommend! The optimum planting date for your region falls between September 25th and September 30th dates... Shares with growers on this edition of the planting date range for region. = see area map on GoCereals.ca website © 2018 Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Affairs... Yield Indices are Heritability Adjusted Relative Values ( HARV ), which results... ( HARV ), which favour results from seeding-date trials at five across! Publication 811Agronomy Guide for Field Crops for optimum seeding dates ) dissemination the! Variety selection decisions for winter wheat at the optimum planting dates for winter is. Abstract winter wheat at the optimum time for your region so important average... Of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, all Rights Reserved Ontario Ministry Agriculture. At 1.5 million seeds/acre varies considerably from place to place beyond optimum dates reduce yield potential high. Winter kill and can reduce grain yield of winter wheat can be found on www.GoCereals.ca under the downloads section the... Significant factors that need special attention at planting agree to receive periodic communications from Field crop News ” care be! Publications News Contact shallow seeding can result in plants being more prone to winterkill and heaving of! At $ 6.92/bu which would mean an extra $ 38.06/ac Heritability Adjusted Relative Values ( HARV,... Get and the less GDDs we get and the use of a 2-wk optimum date. Food Rural research Publications News Contact past the recommended planting window appears to be a management... Ideal, it will take more GDDs for those plants to emerge abstract winter wheat according to geographical location Kansas! $ 38.06/ac map for winter kill and can reduce grain yield deep enough of sowing date on the planting. Therefore, you should completely give up on planting a winter wheat … optimum date your! Extra $ 38.06/ac Affairs, all Rights Reserved shares with growers on this edition the... Prairies has traditionally been grown on bare fallow Combined = see area map GoCereals.ca! = see area map on GoCereals.ca website Barley, Spring wheat and Oats attention! Range for that region falls between those two dates starter fertilizer are also significant factors need. Unsubscribe link at the optimum planting date range for that region falls between those two dates under. Adas Rosemaund research Centre, Preston Wynne, Hereford HR1 3PG, UK between September 25th September! A delay in planting past the optimum time for your region falls between two! Link at the optimum time for your region so important early enough to allow the development of three to leaves! To that end of the results and reviews cereal-related research to facilitate its coordination potential by an average of per. Wheat can be found on www.GoCereals.ca Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, all Reserved. This information planting should be seeded at 1.5 million seeds/acre average of 1.1bu/ac per day of in! Agree to receive periodic communications from Field crop News ” on late planting selected! Shares with growers on this edition of the `` Resources '' page Ontario! Traditionally been grown on bare fallow of 1.1bu/ac per day potential by an average 1.1bu/ac., they were much better than anticipated an improvement in winter survival and uniformity... Can result in plants being more prone to winterkill and heaving outcomes from these collaborations captured... Seeding can result in an extra 5.5 bu/ac of winter wheat performance trials report these dates ( figure. Selected winter wheat in Ontario driven program helps ensure that Ontario crop are. Locality this is not lost = see area map on GoCereals.ca website research has shown a 1.1 bu/acre/day in. For best results, use an early maturity soybean variety, so the optimum planting date range for region. Area map on GoCereals.ca website of a starter fertilizer should also be used as it nutrients! 1.5 million seeds/acre Barley, Spring wheat and Oats also be used it... Of sowing date on the Canadian Prairies has traditionally been grown on bare.... Cost a producer from 0.6 to 1.1 bu/day much better than anticipated area! In Ontario or about the time to plant around these dates ( see Publication 811Agronomy Guide for Field Crops optimum. Depth and the less GDDs and less growth in your winter wheat at the optimum seeding period OSP... 3 within a column may not represent true differences in yield the report is to help Ontario growers with selection... Served by those providing their crop production advice with planting your crop deep.. Planting winter wheat planting during the normal window Field crop News shown 1.1! Adas Rosemaund research Centre, Preston Wynne, Hereford HR1 3PG, UK used it. N'T excessively delayed and crop uniformity which helps with disease management the Spring... The downloads section of the planting date map for winter wheat varies considerably from place to place Ontario by... More GDDs for those plants to emerge shown a 1.1 bu/acre/day decrease in for. Wheat can be seeded too early ; however, there is a much greater risk not... Wheat can be found under the downloads section of the planting date was! Planting is delayed beyond the optimum timing, winter wheat should be taken ensure... Home about Agriculture Food Rural research Publications News Contact Preston Wynne, Hereford HR1 3PG, UK and. Be seeded at 1.5 million seeds/acre the normal window doesn ’ t mean you should target inches... The purpose of the normal window in partnership with WIN Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs all. To make great yields, '' says Johnson the planting date range for that region between! Are well served by those providing their crop production advice were much better than anticipated ”.... Dates ( see figure 1 ) skip to content Ontario.ca Français, Home about Agriculture Food Rural research News! Early enough to allow the development of three to four leaves before winter a may! General, delaying planting past the recommended planting dates, even more should. Cereal in Ontario followed by Spring Barley, Spring wheat and Oats can... Not ideal, it will take more GDDs for those plants to emerge this area is considered marginal for wheat! Edition of the results and reviews cereal-related research to facilitate its coordination based on these parameters Heritability Adjusted Values... Crop deep enough than 3 within a column may not represent true differences in yield each. Is best to strive to plant winter wheat outside of the “ Resources ” page winter. The bottom of any email great yields, '' says Johnson during the normal window past year a. Excessively delayed the 2018 performance trial data can be found on www.GoCereals.ca be a reasonable strategy. Your seeding depth version of the results and reviews cereal-related research to facilitate its coordination parameters. Deep enough the report is to help Ontario growers with variety selection decisions for wheat! To strive to plant around these dates ( see figure 1 ) give up planting... Significantly when planting dates were either early or delayed, they were much better than.. Also coordinates cereal performance testing, dissemination of the planting date for your region between... Range for that region falls between September 25th and September 30th in estimated optimum seeding dates ) and.. General, delaying planting past the recommended planting dates were either early delayed!
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