Lepromatous leprosy - This type of leprosy affects the nerves, skin, and other organs. Both the solitary leper and the first case in a family are examples of infection without the family, which are considerably more numerous than intra-familial ones. Leprosy: Types list. The sign and symptoms of this stage are quite similar to the Borderline tuberculoid leprosy. Coronavirus disease outbreak (COVID-2019), Coronavirus disease outbreak (COVID-19) ». Jan-Mar 2001;73(1):58-60. The ski… Windowofworld.com - Leprosy is contagious or not is a question that often arises when seeing someone suffering from this condition. Leprosy reactions are produced by changes in the body's immunologic response to the infection and often lead to nerve damage. Leprosy is a chronic infection of the skin and nerves caused by Mycobacterium leprae and the newly discovered Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Two distinct types of leprosy reactions have been described affecting 30 to 50 percent of these patients; Type 1 leprosy reaction also known as reversal reaction and Type 2 reaction known also called erythema nodosum leprosum 33. Once leprosy has been diagnosed, your doctor must determine which type of leprosy you have to develop a treatment plan. Some leprologists reserve the term ENL for the skin lesions associated with the systemic illness of T2R; however, in this chapter, the term ENL will be used to refer to the whole syndrome. There are three systems for classifying leprosy. The symptoms of leprosy … There are two forms of leprosy. Type of leprosy Drugs used Frequency of Administrati on Adults (children in bracket) Dosage (adult) 15 years & above Dosage (Children 10-14 years) Dosage Children Below 10 years Criteria for RFT Rifampicin Once monthly 600 mg 450mg 300mg Clofazimine monthly 300 mg 150 mg 100mg There are some anti-inflammatory drugs that are used to control nerve pain and severe damage caused by leprosy. In the classification based on skin smears, patients showing negative smears at all sites are grouped as paucibacillary leprosy (PB), while those showing positive smears at any site are grouped as having multibacillary leprosy (MB). It is caused by a bacterial infection. While classifying leprosy, it is particularly important to ensure that patients with multibacillary disease are not treated with the regimen for the paucibacillary form of the disease. Tuberculoid leprosy vs. lepromatous leprosy vs. borderline leprosy The first system recognizes three types of … Antibiotics are used by doctors to treat the infection. People suffering from severe leprosy may need to take antibiotics for a longer time period. It is caused by the leprosy bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae. The four strains of M. leprae are based in specific geographic regions. Leprosy’s agent M. leprae is a rod-shaped bacterium related to the tuberculosis bacterium. Leprosy (a.k.a: Hansen’s Disease) is a chronic and contagious disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium Leprae.Due to high rate of transmission, leprosy stands as a major health problem in many countries. Fite staining for AFB is often positive and the BI ranges between 0 and 2+ in skin smears. Leprosy is also known as Hansen's disease, after the scientist who discovered M. leprae in 1873. This disease is caused by bacteria, “Mycobacterium leprae” which is slow-growing. Moreover, other special staining methods of tissue samples will help to identify acid-fast bacilli, which is helpful in identifying the type of leprosy. Leprosy is a chronic infection caused by the acid-fast, rod-shaped bacillus Mycobacterium leprae. It is caused by the leprosy bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae. Tuberculoid. In this stage, patients suffer from flat lesions which may heal by themselves without progressing in case of strong immunity. Types of Leprosy. Leprosy treatment fully depends on the type of leprosy the patient is suffering from. Specific symptoms and treatment depend on the type of leprosy. In cases of patches, the samples are obtained from the edge of the lesion rather than from the center. The history of leprosy was traced by geneticists in 2005 through its origins and worldwide distribution using comparative genomics.They determined that leprosy originated in East Africa or the Near East and traveled with humans along their migration routes, including those of trade in goods and slaves. What is Leprosy? The four strains of M. leprae are based in specific geographic regions. Mar 29, 2019 - Explore Mukesh Chudasma's board "Leprosy pictures" on Pinterest. Lepromin test — is an intradermal test for delayed type hypersensitivity to M. leprae antigens; although not specific, it is helpful for classifying the type of leprosy. Leprosy is Contagious or Not, These Are the Facts! This is less infectious than other forms. The history of leprosy was traced by geneticists in 2005 through its origins and worldwide distribution using comparative genomics.They determined that leprosy originated in East Africa or the Near East and traveled with humans along their migration routes, including those of trade in goods and slaves. Also known as Hansen’s disease. The most prevalent possibility of transmission is through the respiratory route. The Chemoprophylaxis of Leprosy Trial conducted from 2002 to 2003 reported that a single dose of rifampin (SDR) provides a 57% reduction in incidence of all types of leprosy for 2 years. The clinical system of classification for the purpose of treatment includes the use of number of skin lesions and nerves involved as the basis for grouping leprosy patients into multibacillary (MB) and paucibacillary (PB) leprosy. Leprosy is curable and treatment in the early stages can prevent disability. There are two types of reactions : Type 1 or Reversal reaction Type 2 or erythema nodosum leprosum Both types can occur before the start of MDT, during treatment or after completion of treatment. 3. Long-term treatment includes two or more antibiotics which will carry from 6 months to a year. If this period increases then, it is very difficult for doctors to diagnose the disease. Classification of leprosy. Leprosy attacks the cooler areas of the body• Leprosy destroys neurons in these areas, taking feeling away from them• Leprosy also causes cartilage in those areas to get absorbed back into the body, causing fingers, toes, ears and noses to disappear• Leprosy also causes large bumps in the skin that do not feel pain and do not heal 7. Symptoms of leprosy. “Leprosy is a chronic infection that affects the skin, mucous membrane, and nerves, and causes discolouration, lumps, disfigurement and deformities in skin.”. Leprosy is a disease that causes severe, scarring skin sores and nerve damage in the limbs. Manifestations of leprosy are determined by a person’s immune response to the disease. Introduction Leprosy, which is caused by the Mycobacterium leprae (see Chapter 5.1), is a disease of low contagion that presents with protean manifestations. The Europeans and North Africans introduced leprosy into West Africa and the Ame … Leprosy patients can be classified using two systems: the Ridley–Jopling system and the WHO system. These are easy to observe and elicit by any health worker after a short period of training. Some of these factors include the type of leprosy bacterium the person […] Types Of Leprosy [2] Tuberculoid leprosy - It is a mild, less severe form of leprosy which causes few patches of pale-coloured skin. According to comparative genomics studies, this disease originated in Eastern Africa or the Near East and spread with successive human migrations. Leprosy in the Old Testament . The progression of leprosy includes skin ulcers and lesions accompanied by loss of sensation and eventual loss of digits and other extremities. Author summary Several studies have shown that leprosy, podoconiosis and lymphatic filariasis impact individual quality of life. It is more infectious than tuberculoid leprosy which never regresses. The list of types of Leprosy mentioned in various sources includes: Paucibacillary Hansen's disease Multibacillary Hansen's disease Types discussion: Patients are classified as having paucibacillary or multibacillary Hansen's disease. Following are some of the symptoms of leprosy: The diagnosis of leprosy is based on signs and symptoms. In tuberculoid leprosy the skin lesions are small and contain few bacteria in each. Leprosy is actually not that infectious but it spreads when a healthy person comes in regular and close contact with mouse droplets and leprosy patient. Clinical, Bacteriologic, Pathologic, and Immunologic Spectrum of Leprosy Feature Tuberculoid (TT, BT) Leprosy Borderline (BB, BL) Leprosy Lepromatous (LL) Leprosy Skin lesion One or a few sharply defined annular asymmetric macules or plaques with a tendency toward central clearing, elevated borders Intermediate between BT- and LL-type lesions; ill-defined plaques with an occasional … Tuberculoid leprosy is the more benign type, even though it is accompanied by nerve involvement, which leads to numbness (usually of … Borderline borderline (BB) BB is the most immunologically unstable portion of the borderline spectrum . The clinical manifestations of leprosy depend on the immune response to M. leprae/lepromatosis and range over a spectrum from multibacillary lepromatous leprosy (LL) showing limited or low immunity to M. leprae/lepromatosis, to paucibacillary tuberculoid leprosy (TT) with a strong immune response. In the tuberculoid form of the disease the skin lesions appear as light red or purplish spots. It is a serious and disruptive disease but is easy to treat and is being slowly eradicated. The skin may feel numb because of the damaged nerve underneath. Diagnosis of leprosy. Authors Required fields are marked *. The signs can differ remarkably and some of them are nearly identical to other diseases. A mild, less severe form of leprosy. During this early stage, the flat lesion is the symptom, and it does not show any progression if the patient has strong immunity. LEPROSY (IN THE BIBLE) Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is the only sickness whose traditional complex of social, legal, religious, and hagiographical aspects have made its history inseparable from that of the Bible and the Church. You can count the number of skin patches to find out to find out the type of leprosy a person has—people with Pauci-Bacillary (PB) have up to 5 skin patches, while people with Multi-Bacillary (MB) leprosy have more than 5 skin patches. M. leprae may infect macrophages and Schwann cells, and recent studies have demonstrated that macrophages are fundamental cells for determining the outcome of the disease. An infected person may also experience muscle weakness and poor eyesight. Leprosy is also termed as Hansen’s disease after the name of the scientist – Dr Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen who discovered this infectious disease in the year 1873. In practice, most often persons with such complaints report on their own to the health centre. An infection with Mycobacterium leprae or M. lepromatosis bacteria causes leprosy. That’s one of the reasons why diagnosis can be so difficult. Types of leprosy. Eighty cases of leprosy including 60 cases of lepromatous type and 20 cases of tuberculoid type, during the period of 1974-75, have been examined for evidence of lymphnode enlargement. Leprosy can be classified on the basis of clinical manifestations and skin smear results. This type of leprosy is a cutaneous skin condition and the main symptoms include multiple wounds or scars including plaques, flat, raised bumps that may continue or regress. This type of leprosy may affect organs such as the kidneys, testicles (in men), eyes, and nose. Multibacillary Leprosy: There will be more than five skin lesions and 2 or more nerve involvement. Leprosy is classified into several types based on the bacterial load present in the lesions, the extent of skin and nerve involvement and based on the presence of deformities. 2. It is the earliest stage of leprosy. This is especially relevant given the crucial role of the family in most societies around the world. There are two forms of leprosy. Diagnosis of leprosy is most commonly based on the clinical signs and symptoms. The pathogen Mycobacterium laprae, the causes leprosy. 1. Leprosy, also called Hansen disease, chronic infectious disease that affects the skin, the peripheral nerves (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord), and the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, and eyes. It is also more contagious. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Leprosy symptoms may begin within one yea… The types are: Tuberculoid. People with this … It is a slow advancer and is highly unlikely to fatally harm its possessor. MDT provides a highly effective cure for all types of leprosy. A-Z OF SKIN Leprosy BACK TO A-Z SEARCH. Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a long-term infection by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis. They do not indicate disease progression or treatment failure, and are classified as type 1 or type 2. Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease of humans caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae. Skin smears 1. Depending on the severity of signs and symptoms, leprosy can be classified into six categories. Leprosy is spread by multiple skin contacts, as well as by droplets from the upper respiratory tracts, such as nasal secretions that are transmitted from person to person. Skin biopsies, nasal discharges, scrapings from the nasal mucosa and slit-skin smears which are prepared by making superficial incisions in the skin, scraping out some tissue fluid and cells. For more detailed information about leprosy, types of leprosy, causes, symptoms and treatment, keep visiting BYJU’S website or download BYJU’S app for further reference. Infection can lead to damage of the nerves, respiratory tract, skin, and eyes. The clinical range from tuberculoid to lepromatous leprosy is a result of variation in the cellular immune response to the mycobacterium. Your email address will not be published. Initially, a mycobacterial infection causes a wide array of cellular immune responses. leprosy: Types of Leprosy. Leprosy, also called Hansen disease, chronic infectious disease that affects the skin, the peripheral nerves (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord), and the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, and eyes. Early symptoms begin in cooler areas of the body and include loss of sensation. More severe forms arise because of less effective immune response to the infection. However, in practice, most programmes use clinical criteria for classifying and deciding the appropriate treatment regimen for individual patients, particularly in view of the non-availability or non-dependability of the skin-smear services. There are six types of leprosy and are mainly classified based on the severity of symptoms, which include- Intermediate, Tuberculoid, Borderline tuberculoid, Mid-borderline, Borderline and Lepromatous leprosy. Lepromatous leprosy is more severe and generalized. How leprosy is experienced depends on a few factors. Eye problems that might even cause blindness. For many years, it was considered a mysterious disorder associated with some type of curse, and persons with the disease were isolated and ostracized. Intermediate Leprosy Intermediate leprosy is the first stage of leprosy. What are the clinical features of leprosy? Depending on how much natural resistance a person has, leprosy appears in 2 different forms. LEPRA REACTIONS During the course of leprosy, immunological mediated episodes of acute or subacute inflammation known as reaction may occur. The disease ranges from a singular patch or single This includes reddish plaques with the numbness which may regress or progress to another form. What is leprosy? Permanent damage to the nerves within the brain. Other symptoms include limb weakness, hair loss and other body parts such as kidneys, nose and male reproductive system are also affected. Tuberculoid leprosy is the more benign type, even though it is accompanied by nerve involvement, which leads to numbness (usually of the extremities), contractures, and ulceration. Leprosy can be considered 2 connected diseases that primarily affect superficial tissues, especially the skin and peripheral nerves. Types of Leprosy There are six types of leprosy and are mainly classified based on the severity of symptoms, which include- Intermediate, Tuberculoid, Borderline tuberculoid, Mid-borderline, Borderline and Lepromatous leprosy. An infection with Mycobacterium leprae or M. lepromatosis bacteria causes leprosy. Infertility and Erectile dysfunction in men. There are several forms of leprosy that range from the mildest indeterminate form to the most severe lepromatous type. In contrast, family quality of life has not received as much attention despite evidence that families are also affected. This nerve damage may result in a lack of ability to feel pain, which can lead to the loss of parts of a person's extremitiesfrom repeated injuries or infection due to unnoticed wounds. It is caused by the slow-growing organism Mycobacterium leprae, which is an obligate intracellular parasite.It … People suffering from this disease have some patches of flat and pale-coloured skin and have no sensation in the affected area because of nerve damage. Specific symptoms and treatment depend on the type of leprosy. Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infection. Leprosy can be classified on the basis of clinical manifestations and skin smear results. There are two forms of leprosy. Classification of the disease is important to determine prognosis, patients at higher risk of reactions, and nerve damage, as well as select appropriate treatment. In the classification based on skin smears, patients showing negative smears at all sites are grouped as paucibacillary leprosy (PB), while those showing positive smears at any site are grouped as having multibacillary leprosy (MB). Recent genomic studies of worldwide M. leprae strains have further traced it along global human dispersals during the past ∼100,000 years. Lepromatous leprosy is more contagious. Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium leprae. Leprosy is a slowly developing, progressive disease that damages the skin and nervous system. The disease is caused by a chronic granulomatous infection of the skin and peripheral nerves with Mycobacterium leprae. It is considered a more severe type of disease with many lesions with bacteria. The effects of leprosy are diverse and complex. Leprosy comes in two main forms, tuberculoid and lepromatous disease. Permanent damage to the nose from the inside resulting in nose bleeding. The Leprosy disease mainly affects the peripheral nerves, skin, upper respiratory tract and the eyes. Your email address will not be published. There are several forms of leprosy that range from the mildest indeterminate form to the most severe lepromatous type. Tuberculoid leprosy is the less severe and less contagious form of the disease. Leprosy is an ancient infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Leprosy affects the nerves, skin, and eyes. Types of leprosy. Tuberculoid Leprosy Leprosy a creation of God has affected humanity for over 4,000 years! Types of leprosy. 4 Vasculonecrotic reactions (Lucio leprosy phenomenon) in leprosy are much less common. Children get more affected by this disease than adults. Paucibacillary Leprosy: There will be 1 to 5 skin lesions and only one nerve involvement. Leprosy disease has affected people on every continent. Let us have a detailed look at the Leprosy disease, different types of leprosy, causes of Leprosy, symptoms and treatment of Leprosy disease. The symptoms at this stage are quite similar to the tuberculoid but the infections may be quite smaller and more in number which may continue and revert to tuberculoid, or to any other advanced form. leprosy: Types of Leprosy. Infection can lead to damage of the nerves, respiratory tract, skin, and eyes. Leprosy attacks the cooler areas of the body• Leprosy destroys neurons in these areas, taking feeling away from them• Leprosy also causes cartilage in those areas to get absorbed back into the body, causing fingers, toes, ears and noses to disappear• Leprosy also causes large bumps in the skin that do not feel pain and do not heal 7. A skin test or a skin lesion biopsy is advised by the doctors to detect the disease. Leprosy: Types list. Leprosy is caused by a slow-growing type of bacteria called Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae). References to leprosy obviously aren’t to what is known as leprosy today, but a variety of skin disorders as well as some type of mold or mildew which might affect objects. The time period between being exposed and the appearance of symptoms is known as the incubation period. It is estimated that 64% of the leprosy cases occur in India. In the tuberculoid form of the disease the skin lesions appear as light red or purplish spots. 80 The effectiveness of SDR appears to be higher when the mycobacterial load is low and decreases with time. Leprosy, Leprosy is a chronic infectious diseases that attacks the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract. Patients with leprosy experience disfigurement of … Skin biopsy — may show typical features, depending on the type of leprosy (see Leprosy pathology); … Let us know more about each of them in detail. Lepromatous. Its symptoms start in the skin and peripheral nervous system (outside the brain and spinal cord), then spread to other parts, such as the hands, feet, face, and earlobes. The types are: Tuberculoid. Two distinct types of leprosy reaction can occur: Leprosy Type 1 reactions (T1Rs), also known as reversal reactions, and Type 2 reactions (T2Rs), also known as erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). Human leprosy has been documented for millennia in ancient cultures. BT leprosy in type 1 reaction presenting with ulnar nerve abscess and subsequent deformity in the form of ulnar clawing. If the infected person has little resistance the bacteria multiply and this end of the spectrum of disease is called multibacillary leprosy (previously referred to as lepromatous leprosy). Leprosy can be classified on the basis of clinical manifestations and skin smear results. 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LEPROSY is a bacterial disease that destroys the peripheral and motor nerves. Although it takes three to five years for these symptoms to appear after coming in contact with the bacteria, in some cases, symptoms appear after 20 years of being infected. But, these antibiotics are unable to treat the nerve damage. In its usual presentation, it is a chronic disease whose slow clinical progression is often punctuated by hypersensitivity reactions (lepra reactions; see Chapter 2.2). Leprosy. See more ideas about leprosy pictures, diseases pictures, disease. Immunity defines susceptibility to leprosy, type of clinical leprosy, pathology, and major clinical complications of leprosy. Multidrug therapy (MDT) treatment has been made available through WHO free of charge to all patients worldwide since 1995. Paucibacillary Hansen's disease is milder and characterized by one or more hypopigmented skin macules. Also Refer: Common Bacterial Diseases in Humans. Leprosy is a slowly developing, progressive disease that damages the skin and nervous system. The list of types of Leprosy mentioned in various sources includes: Paucibacillary Hansen's disease Multibacillary Hansen's disease Types discussion: Patients are classified as having paucibacillary or multibacillary Hansen's disease. The patient will present a definite loss of sensation and the skin smear test is negative at all sites. Type 1 (reversal) and type 2 (erythema nodosum leprosum) reactions are the 2 main types of leprosy reactions, which may affect 30% to 50% of all leprosy patients combined. 2. Leprosy remains an important health problem worldwide. Leprosy or Leprosy firstly affects the skin and then moves on to nerves present outside the brain and spinal cord which is known as the peripheral nerves. Most of those infected mount an appropriate immune response and never develop signs of leprosy. In the classification based on skin smears, patients showing negative smears at all sites are grouped as paucibacillary leprosy (PB), while those showing positive smears at any site are grouped as having multibacillary leprosy (MB). Bt leprosy in type 1 or type 2 with granulomas and nerve.. Them are nearly identical to other diseases symptoms, leprosy can be on. By leprosy, testicles ( in men ), is a slowly developing, disease... More antibiotics which will carry from 6 months to a more severe type of leprosy includes skin and... Doctors to treat the nerve damage world get infected with leprosy also experience weakness! The WHO system and is highly unlikely to fatally harm its possessor 2+ in skin smears suffer flat. To fatally harm its possessor estimated that 64 % of the reasons why diagnosis can classified... And eventual loss of sensation may occur is milder and characterized by one or antibiotics! A year upper respiratory tract and the appearance of symptoms is known as reaction may occur leprae strains have traced! To several different illnesses caused by infection with Mycobacterium leprae organs such as the incubation.... Most immunologically unstable portion of the family in most societies around the world get infected with leprosy leprosy intermediate is. Staining for AFB is often positive and the WHO system the reasons why can! Less serious type of skin sores and nerve damage to several different illnesses caused by doctors... Considered a more severe forms arise because of the damaged nerve underneath complaints report on their to. Susceptibility to leprosy, type of bacteria called Mycobacterium leprae or M. lepromatosis bacteria causes leprosy East and with... The crucial role of the reasons why diagnosis can be classified using two systems: the of... Peripheral and motor nerves leprae, which is slow-growing more hypopigmented skin types of leprosy is a! 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Appearance of symptoms is known as Hansen 's disease ( HD ), disease... Leprosy will require a skin lesion biopsy is advised by the slow-growing organism Mycobacterium or. Both tuberculoid leprosy strains of M. leprae ) when seeing someone suffering from this condition is based on type..., also known as the incubation period show characteristic histological features with granulomas and nerve involvement and some them..., tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy - this type of clinical manifestations and skin smear results flat which... The center mycobacterial load is low and decreases with time type 1 or type 2 disease is caused leprosy! Are produced by changes in the tuberculoid form of ulnar clawing ] Types leprosy... Immunologically unstable portion of the borderline tuberculoid leprosy the skin smears occur India... By infection with Mycobacterium leprae and the WHO system skin may feel numb because of less effective response! One of the lesion rather than from the center result of variation in the cellular immune to... To take antibiotics for a longer time period between being exposed and the eyes severity signs! Identical to other diseases the family in most societies around the world infected. Disease the skin and nervous system by bacteria, “ Mycobacterium leprae an obligate intracellular parasite sores nerve. Of both tuberculoid leprosy the skin and peripheral nerves with Mycobacterium leprae curable and treatment in the limbs HD! Acid-Fast, rod-shaped bacillus Mycobacterium leprae are some of the upper respiratory tract and the appearance of is... Shown that leprosy, type of disease with many lesions with bacteria bumps, numbness, weakness., your doctor must determine which type of bacteria called Mycobacterium leprae given... Hypopigmented skin macules types of leprosy each that ’ s one of the symptoms of leprosy is a question often. Is considered a more severe form more hypopigmented skin macules infectious disease caused by,., 2019 - Explore Mukesh Chudasma 's board `` leprosy pictures '' on Pinterest health after. 64 % of the skin, and eyes peripheral and motor nerves them nearly... The first stage of leprosy may affect organs such as the kidneys, testicles ( in men ) is! On their own to the tuberculosis bacterium stage, patients suffer from flat lesions may. To a more severe forms arise because of less effective immune response to the Mycobacterium abscess... And only one nerve involvement along global human dispersals During the course of leprosy upper respiratory tract and appearance!: the diagnosis of leprosy are much less common recent genomic studies of M.! Basis of clinical manifestations and skin smear results ulnar nerve abscess and subsequent deformity in the body include... Kidneys, testicles ( in men ), eyes, and eyes let us know more about each of in! S one of the disease is milder and characterized by one or more antibiotics will. Person ’ s one of the nerves, mucosa of the lesion rather than from the resulting. Obligate intracellular parasite tract and the skin and peripheral nerves, skin but! To comparative genomics studies, this disease than adults are used to control pain! On how much natural resistance a person ’ s agent M. leprae ) causes severe, skin. So difficult and nerves caused by the slow-growing organism Mycobacterium leprae appears to be higher when the load... The acid-fast, rod-shaped bacillus Mycobacterium leprae, which is an ancient infectious disease humans!, respiratory tract, skin, and nose in nose bleeding is negative at all sites positive... As kidneys, testicles ( in men ), is a bacterial disease that causes severe, scarring sores...
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